Introduction<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
AI includes many aspects of a game’s NPC, as well as player behavior. The general topic of AI includes pathfinding and NPC behavior. Generally, we term the selection of what the NPC does for a period of time within the game as behavior.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
AI in UE4 is well supported. A number of constructs exist to allow basic AI programming from within the editor, but we will be focusing on using C++ to program elements while touching on engine aspects when needed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
To make it easier to visualize our AI character and the interactions with the player, in this chapter, I will be using the C++ Third Person template:<\/p>\n\n\n\n While I would love to cover all aspects of working with AI in Unreal Engine 4, that could take a whole book of its own. If you are interested in exploring AI even more after reading this chapter, I suggest that you check out\u00a0Unreal Engine 4 AI Programming Essentials<\/em>, also available from Packt Publishing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n This chapter requires the use of Unreal Engine 4 and uses Visual Studio 2017 as the IDE. Instructions on how to install both pieces of software and the requirements for them can be found in Chapter 1<\/a>, UE4 Development Tools<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The most simple way to implement any kind of AI is to just write it out by hand. This allows you to get something up-and-running quickly, but lacks the elegance and finesse that using Unreal’s built-in systems gives us. This recipe gives us a super-simple implementation of making an object follow another one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Have a UE4 project ready with a simple landscape or set of geometry on the ground, ideally with a cul-de-sac<\/em> somewhere in the geometry to test AI movement functions. The ThirdPersonExampleMap that comes with the C++ Third Person template should work just fine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The auto keyword can be used for variable declarations if the compiler can deduce what the type of an object is from the assignment given to it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n If all goes well, you should see the object on the screen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The Following Character with a Cylinder shape added<\/p>\n\n\n\n In this example, we are effectively hard-coding<\/em> this enemy to follow the player character by doing simple vector math ourselves. While this technically works, it doesn’t make use of Unreal’s built-in AI functionality. It will also stop the AI at walls since there is no actual path-finding going on, and it will break the player character if you let the AI catch up. The player won’t be able to move anymore due to collisions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The rest of this chapter will be working with Unreal’s actual built-in systems, which create a much more robust implementation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A Navigation Mesh (also known as a Nav Mesh<\/strong>) is basically a definition of areas that an AI-controlled unit considers passable (that is, areas that the “AI-controlled” unit is allowed to move into or across). A Nav Mesh does not include geometry that would block the player if the player tried to move through it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Constructing a Nav Mesh based on your scene’s geometry is fairly easy in UE4. Start with a project that has some obstacles around it, or one that uses terrain. The ThirdPersonExampleMap included with the C++ Third Person template works well for this purpose.<\/p>\n\n\n\n To construct your Nav Mesh, simply perform the following steps:<\/p>\n\n\n\n A Nav Mesh drawn within the bounds of the Nav Mesh Bounds Volume\n\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n A Nav Mesh doesn’t block the player pawn (or other entities) from stepping on a certain geometry, but it serves to guide AI-controlled entities as to where they can and cannot go.<\/p>\n\n\n\n For more information on scaling objects in UE4, check out the following link: https:\/\/docs.unrealengine.com\/en-us\/Engine\/Actors\/Transform<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A Blackboard<\/strong> is a container for variables that are often used with Behavior Trees. This data is used for decision-making purposes, either by a single AI or a whole group of others. We will be creating a Blackboard here that we will then use in future recipes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n In this recipe, we created a blackboard that we will later use in code to set and get the value of the player that we will use in our behavior tree.<\/p>\n\n\n\n If a Blackboard is the shared memory of an AI, the Behavior Tree is the AI’s processor, which will contain the logic of the AI. It makes decisions, and then acts on those decisions to enable an AI to actually do something when the game is running. In this recipe, we will create a Behavior Tree and then assign its Blackboard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A view of the Behavior Tree Editor<\/p>\n\n\n\n In this recipe, we created a Behavior Tree, which is required by the AI system so that it can fulfill tasks and other assorted features. In future recipes, we will use this to create our own custom Character classes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A BehaviorTree chooses a behavior to be exhibited by an AI-controlled unit at any given moment. Behavior Trees are relatively simple to construct, but there is a lot of setting up to do to get one running. You also have to be familiar with the components that are available for constructing your Behavior Tree<\/strong> to do so effectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A Behavior Tree is extremely useful for defining NPC behavior that is more varied than simply moving toward an opponent (as shown in the previous recipe with AIMoveTo).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Before starting this recipe, verify that you have completed the following recipes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n In addition to an AI Controller, we also need to have a Character. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Now, we will create a Blueprint version of the two classes we just created and assign our variables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Assigning the Enemy Behavior Tree and AI Controller Class properties<\/p>\n\n\n\n As we discussed previously, you may need to click on the Open Full Blueprint Editor text to see all of the available options.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 16. Then, hit Compile and save all of your assets:<\/p>\n\n\n\n The completed enemy character<\/p>\n\n\n\n And with that, we’ve set up a connection between an AI Character, an AI Controller, and a Behavior Tree!<\/p>\n\n\n\n The AI Controller class we created will add both the Behavior Tree and the Blackboard that we created in the previous two recipes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n A Behavior Tree is connected to an AI Controller, which in turn is connected to a Character. We will control the behavior of Character through the Behavior Tree by entering Task and Service nodes in the diagram.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A Behavior Tree hosts six different types of node, as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Services attach to nodes in Behavior Trees and will execute at their defined frequency; that is, as long as their branch is being executed. Similar to Parallel nodes in other Behavior Tree systems, these are often used to make checks and to update the Blackboard, which we will use in this recipe to find our player object and assign it to our Blackboard. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Finish the previous recipe, Connecting a Behavior Tree to a Character<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n It’s important to note that you need to drag from the darker gray rectangle on the bottom. If you try to drag from the middle of ROOT, you’ll just move the node.<\/p>\n\n\n\n As you can see, the value has been set!<\/p>\n\n\n\n Our Behavior Tree will continue to call the Selector as there are no other nodes for it to transition to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n In addition to Services, we also have Tasks, which are leaf nodes of Behavior Trees. These are the things that actually perform actions. In our example, we are going to have our AI follow our target, the player.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Finish the previous recipe, Creating a BTService<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n As you can see, our enemy is now following our player, which will happen for as long as the NavMesh covers the area!<\/p>\n\n\n\n This recipe takes all of the materials we’ve covered so far and compiles them all together. The ExecuteTask method will be called as long as the BehaviorTree is inside this state. This function requires us to return an EBTNodeResult, which should return Succeeded, Failed, or InProgress to let the BehaviorTree know whether we can change states or not.<\/p>\n\n\n\n In our case, we first obtain the EnemyController and the Target objects so that we can figure out who we want to move and where we want to move to. As long as those properties are valid, we can call the MoveToActor function.There are a lot of other properties that the MoveToActor function offers that may be useful so that you can customize your movement. For more information, check out the following link: https:\/\/api.unrealengine.com\/INT\/API\/Runtime\/AIModule\/AAIController\/MoveToActor\/index.html<\/a>. In this chapter, we will cover the following recipes: I […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27,1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.coolcoding.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3160"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.coolcoding.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.coolcoding.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.coolcoding.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.coolcoding.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3160"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/blog.coolcoding.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3160\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3312,"href":"https:\/\/blog.coolcoding.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3160\/revisions\/3312"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.coolcoding.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3160"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.coolcoding.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3160"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.coolcoding.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3160"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"\"\/](\"http:\/\/blog.coolcoding.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/0293a11c-8c73-4598-b464-097efdc453a5.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nTechnical requirements<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
Implementing a simple following behavior<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
Getting ready<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
How to do it…<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"\/](\"http:\/\/blog.coolcoding.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/39d55e09-2d74-4208-a316-e58723a542d9.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"\"\/](\"https:\/\/learning.oreilly.com\/library\/view\/unreal-engine-4x\/9781789809503\/assets\/597248e0-ee12-459f-9588-84457a32324a.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nvoid AFollowingCharacter::Tick(float DeltaTime)
{
Super::Tick(DeltaTime);
\/\/ Get current location<\/strong>
auto startPos = GetActorLocation();<\/strong>
\/\/ Get player's location<\/strong>
FVector playerPos = GetWorld()->GetFirstPlayerController()->GetPawn()->GetActorLocation();<\/strong>
\/\/ Get the direction to move in<\/strong>
FVector direction = playerPos - startPos;<\/strong>
direction.Normalize();<\/strong>
\/\/ Move the player in that direction<\/strong>
SetActorLocation(startPos + direction);<\/strong>
}<\/pre>\n\n\n\n![\"\"\/](\"http:\/\/blog.coolcoding.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/c8d54ec0-bd6d-4269-8951-2fcc86cf0489.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"\"\/](\"http:\/\/blog.coolcoding.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/eaec7727-a31c-429c-a0c9-d53b6b24b012.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nHow it works…<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
Laying down a Navigation Mesh<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
Getting ready<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
How to do it…<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"\/](\"http:\/\/blog.coolcoding.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/9b025c53-495a-412d-91e5-ae9c9e6b5b92.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nHow it works…<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
Creating a Blackboard<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
How to do it…<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"\/](\"http:\/\/blog.coolcoding.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/ab959cad-1fb0-4c9f-9d53-5425a5ed955c.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"\"\/](\"http:\/\/blog.coolcoding.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/bf12d03b-7d23-4239-bdb8-8f1bdc718b8a.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"\"\/](\"http:\/\/blog.coolcoding.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/bf4829a3-3d30-4687-a757-43229a9bed7c.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nHow it works…<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
Creating a Behavior Tree<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
How to do it…<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"\/](\"http:\/\/blog.coolcoding.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/144f462c-a25f-4e5f-9243-507ee517881a.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"\"\/](\"http:\/\/blog.coolcoding.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/40020a2c-e30b-4f4b-b880-8c227ee889d0.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nHow it works…<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
Connecting a Behavior Tree to a Character<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
Getting ready<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
How to do it…<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
using UnrealBuildTool;
public class Chapter_13 : ModuleRules
{
public Chapter_13(ReadOnlyTargetRules Target) : base(Target)
{
PCHUsage = PCHUsageMode.UseExplicitOrSharedPCHs;
PublicDependencyModuleNames.AddRange(new string[] { \"Core\", \"CoreUObject\", \"Engine\", \"InputCore\", \"HeadMountedDisplay\" });
PublicDependencyModuleNames.AddRange(new string[] { \"AIModule\", \"GameplayTasks\" });<\/strong>
}
}<\/pre>\n\n\n\n![\"\"\/](\"http:\/\/blog.coolcoding.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/4db220e7-1fa7-48a1-9f27-d230b88354d4.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n#pragma once
#include \"CoreMinimal.h\"
#include \"AIController.h\"
#include \"BehaviorTree\/BehaviorTreeComponent.h\"
#include \"BehaviorTree\/BlackboardComponent.h\"<\/strong>
#include \"EnemyAIController.generated.h\"
\/**
*
*\/
UCLASS()
class CHAPTER_13_API AEnemyAIController : public AAIController
{
GENERATED_BODY()
private:<\/strong>
\/\/ AI Component references<\/strong>
UBehaviorTreeComponent* BehaviorComp;<\/strong>
UBlackboardComponent* BlackboardComp;<\/strong>
public:<\/strong>
AEnemyAIController();<\/strong>
\/\/ Called when the controller possesses a Pawn\/Character<\/strong>
virtual void Possess(APawn* InPawn) override;
FBlackboard::FKey TargetKeyID;<\/strong>
};
<\/pre>\n\n\n\n#include \"EnemyAIController.h\"
AEnemyAIController::AEnemyAIController()
{
\/\/Initialize components
BehaviorComp = CreateDefaultSubobject<UBehaviorTreeComponent>(TEXT(\"BehaviorComp\"));
BlackboardComp = CreateDefaultSubobject<UBlackboardComponent>(TEXT(\"BlackboardComp\"));
}
\/\/ Called when the controller possesses a Pawn\/Character
void AEnemyAIController::Possess(APawn* InPawn)
{
Super::Possess(InPawn);
}<\/pre>\n\n\n\n![\"\"\/](\"http:\/\/blog.coolcoding.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/9f10b90b-8e30-4d27-9752-a97c1c011ad5.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n#pragma once
#include \"CoreMinimal.h\"
#include \"GameFramework\/Character.h\"
#include \"EnemyCharacter.generated.h\"
UCLASS()
class CHAPTER_13_API AEnemyCharacter : public ACharacter
{
GENERATED_BODY()
public:
\/\/ Sets default values for this character's properties
AEnemyCharacter();
UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, Category = Behavior)<\/strong>
class UBehaviorTree *EnemyBehaviorTree;<\/strong>
protected:
\/\/ Called when the game starts or when spawned
virtual void BeginPlay() override;
public:
\/\/ Called every frame
virtual void Tick(float DeltaTime) override;
\/\/ Called to bind functionality to input
virtual void SetupPlayerInputComponent(class UInputComponent* PlayerInputComponent) override;
};<\/pre>\n\n\n\n#include \"EnemyAIController.h\"
#include \"EnemyCharacter.h\"<\/strong>
#include \"BehaviorTree\/BehaviorTree.h\"<\/strong>
AEnemyAIController::AEnemyAIController()
{
\/\/ Initialize components
BehaviorComp = CreateDefaultSubobject<UBehaviorTreeComponent>(TEXT(\"BehaviorComp\"));
BlackboardComp = CreateDefaultSubobject<UBlackboardComponent>(TEXT(\"BlackboardComp\"));
}
\/\/ Called when the controller possesses a Pawn\/Character
void AEnemyAIController::Possess(APawn* InPawn)
{
Super::Possess(InPawn);
\/\/ Convert InPawn to EnemyCharacter<\/strong>
auto Character = Cast<AEnemyCharacter>(InPawn);<\/strong>
\/\/ Check if pointers are valid<\/strong>
if(Character && Character->EnemyBehaviorTree)<\/strong>
{<\/strong>
BlackboardComp->InitializeBlackboard(*Character->EnemyBehaviorTree->BlackboardAsset);<\/strong>
TargetKeyID = BlackboardComp->GetKeyID(\"Target\");<\/strong>
BehaviorComp->StartTree(*Character->EnemyBehaviorTree);<\/strong>
}<\/strong>
}<\/pre>\n\n\n\n![\"\"\/](\"http:\/\/blog.coolcoding.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/553deaf5-094e-49be-850d-047a325d2958.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"\"\/](\"http:\/\/blog.coolcoding.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/ea359363-aa31-4d0b-b7d0-c8d67aab84e7.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nHow it works…<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
Creating a BTService<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
Getting ready…<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
How to do it…<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"\/](\"http:\/\/blog.coolcoding.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/0a41289d-bab4-4f68-a540-4f354a5e08a8.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n#pragma once
#include \"CoreMinimal.h\"
#include \"BehaviorTree\/BTService.h\"
#include \"BehaviorTree\/BehaviorTreeComponent.h\"<\/strong>
#include \"BTService_FindPlayer.generated.h\"
\/**
*
*\/
UCLASS()
class CHAPTER_13_API UBTService_FindPlayer : public UBTService
{
GENERATED_BODY()
public:<\/strong>
UBTService_FindPlayer();<\/strong>
\/** update next tick interval<\/strong>
* this function should be considered as const (don't modify state of object) if node is not instanced! *\/<\/strong>
virtual void TickNode(UBehaviorTreeComponent& OwnerComp, uint8* NodeMemory, float DeltaSeconds) override;<\/strong>
};<\/pre>\n\n\n\n#include \"BTService_FindPlayer.h\"
#include \"EnemyAIController.h\"
#include \"BehaviorTree\/Blackboard\/BlackboardKeyType_Object.h\"
UBTService_FindPlayer::UBTService_FindPlayer()
{
bCreateNodeInstance = true;
}
void UBTService_FindPlayer::TickNode(UBehaviorTreeComponent& OwnerComp, uint8* NodeMemory, float DeltaSeconds)
{
Super::TickNode(OwnerComp, NodeMemory, DeltaSeconds);
auto EnemyAIController = Cast<AEnemyAIController>(OwnerComp.GetAIOwner());
if(EnemyAIController)
{
auto PlayerPawn = GetWorld()->GetFirstPlayerController()->GetPawn();
OwnerComp.GetBlackboardComponent()->SetValue<UBlackboardKeyType_Object>(EnemyAIController->TargetKeyID, PlayerPawn);
UE_LOG(LogTemp, Warning, TEXT(\"Target has been set!\"));
}
}<\/pre>\n\n\n\n![\"\"\/](\"http:\/\/blog.coolcoding.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/02b17ca7-1f63-459e-812c-f631ef24d0e5.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"\"\/](\"http:\/\/blog.coolcoding.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/36058d95-940d-494f-bcd3-9f1d70ff5617.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"\"\/](\"https:\/\/learning.oreilly.com\/library\/view\/unreal-engine-4x\/9781789809503\/assets\/538167bc-799d-4532-a475-eaa0eee25c53.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nHow it works…<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
Creating a BTTask<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
Getting ready…<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
How to do it…<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"\/](\"http:\/\/blog.coolcoding.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/91d4a05e-cee6-4e79-bdc9-18e76094d6d9.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"\"\/](\"http:\/\/blog.coolcoding.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/00eb28d3-9f0c-4946-89f3-a726f8b2f435.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n#pragma once
#include \"CoreMinimal.h\"
#include \"BehaviorTree\/Tasks\/BTTask_BlackboardBase.h\"
#include \"BTTask_MoveToPlayer.generated.h\"
\/**
*
*\/
UCLASS()
class CHAPTER_13_API UBTTask_MoveToPlayer : public UBTTask_BlackboardBase
{
GENERATED_BODY()
public:
\/** starts this task, should return Succeeded, Failed or InProgress<\/strong>
* (use FinishLatentTask() when returning InProgress)<\/strong>
* this function should be considered as const (don't modify state of object) if node is not instanced! *\/<\/strong>
virtual EBTNodeResult::Type ExecuteTask(UBehaviorTreeComponent& OwnerComp, uint8* NodeMemory) override;<\/strong>
};<\/pre>\n\n\n\n#include \"BTTask_MoveToPlayer.h\"
#include \"EnemyAIController.h\"<\/strong>
#include \"GameFramework\/Character.h\"<\/strong>
#include \"BehaviorTree\/Blackboard\/BlackboardKeyType_Object.h\"<\/strong>
EBTNodeResult::Type UBTTask_MoveToPlayer::ExecuteTask(UBehaviorTreeComponent& OwnerComp, uint8* NodeMemory)<\/strong>
{<\/strong>
auto EnemyController = Cast<AEnemyAIController>(OwnerComp.GetAIOwner());<\/strong>
auto Blackboard = OwnerComp.GetBlackboardComponent();<\/strong>
ACharacter * Target = Cast<ACharacter>(Blackboard->GetValue<UBlackboardKeyType_Object>(EnemyController->TargetKeyID));<\/strong>
if(Target)<\/strong>
{<\/strong>
EnemyController->MoveToActor(Target, 50.0f);<\/strong>
return EBTNodeResult::Succeeded;<\/strong>
}<\/strong>
return EBTNodeResult::Failed;<\/strong>
}<\/strong><\/pre>\n\n\n\n![\"\"\/](\"http:\/\/blog.coolcoding.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/571d92a5-1006-40e6-b2a4-64a3d13b72fc.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"\"\/](\"http:\/\/blog.coolcoding.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/dcddb9f0-f8a7-4b70-b9c9-2088fd700a86.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nHow it works…<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
For those of you who are interested in exploring additional AI concepts with UE4, I highly suggest checking out Orfeas Eleftheriou’s UE4 AI Tutorials: https:\/\/orfeasel.com\/category\/ue_tuts\/ai-programming\/<\/a>.\n\n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"